Khanmohammadi and Rezaei, 2021
Under oxidative stress and induced by excessive ROS generation, Nrf2 is released from its inhibitor Keap1, allowing its translocation into the nucleus (Kasprzak et al., 2020), where it binds to the antioxidant response element (ARE) present in the DNA sequence of numerous antioxidant enzymes like glutathione-S-transferase, -glutamyl cysteine synthetase (glutamate cysteine ligase), heme oxygenase 1, and paraoxonase-1 inducing their transcription, managing the phase II response to oxidative stress (Kasprzak et al., 2020)
Another 2022 double-blind study (n=48) combined GHK-Cu with hyaluronic acid, showing 25% fine line reduction and 18% hydration improvement at 8 weeks (An et al., 2022)
It also displays antiseptic, antioxidant and cell-protective properties, all of which are going to be of benefit
Dolladille, C
Rylander R, Tallheden T, Vormann J